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                    <h1 class="description center-align post-title">ES6-Promise对象</h1>
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                    <i class="far fa-calendar-minus fa-fw"></i>发布日期:&nbsp;&nbsp;
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                <h3 id="Promise"><a href="#Promise" class="headerlink" title="Promise"></a>Promise</h3><h4 id="1-Promise-定义"><a href="#1-Promise-定义" class="headerlink" title="1. Promise 定义"></a>1. Promise 定义</h4><p>Promise 是一个构造函数,可以用来创建 Promise 实例,主要是异步编程的解决方案;<br>Promise 对象是有三种状态(pending / resolve / reject);一但状态发生了改变,就不会再变化了;</p>
<h4 id="2-基本用法"><a href="#2-基本用法" class="headerlink" title="2. 基本用法"></a>2. 基本用法</h4><p><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/fKE7C4hN3cYdvxB.png" alt="Promise基本用法"></p>
<p>Promise 实例生成以后,可以调用 then 方法来指定 resolve 和 reject 的回调;<br><strong><font color=#FF0000 >pomise 建立后会立即执行,当所有的同步任务执行完毕后,再执行 resolve 的回调函数</font></strong><br><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/dHaXWD5LjnyMtfQ.png" alt="Promise执行"></p>
<h4 id="3-Promise-prototype-then"><a href="#3-Promise-prototype-then" class="headerlink" title="3. Promise.prototype.then()"></a>3. Promise.prototype.then()</h4><p>then 方法是在 Promise 的原型上的方法;有两个回调函数,resolve 状态的回调函数,reject 状态的回调函数;</p>
<h4 id="4-Promise-prototype-catch"><a href="#4-Promise-prototype-catch" class="headerlink" title="4. Promise.prototype.catch()"></a>4. Promise.prototype.catch()</h4><p>catch 用来捕获 reject 状态的回调函数;<br>一般写法是</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">getJson().then(function (result) &#123;
    console.log(result);

&#125;).catch(function(error) &#123;
    console.log(error);
&#125;)</code></pre>
<h4 id="5-Promise-prototype-finally"><a href="#5-Promise-prototype-finally" class="headerlink" title="5. Promise.prototype.finally()"></a>5. Promise.prototype.finally()</h4><p>finally 方法不管 promise 最后的状态,在执行完 then 或者 catch 指定的回调函数之后,都会执行的 finally();<br><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/An6km47HPVpxiSK.png" alt="Promise.finally()"></p>
<h4 id="6-Promise-all"><a href="#6-Promise-all" class="headerlink" title="6. Promise.all()"></a>6. Promise.all()</h4><p>all()是将多个 Promise 实例包装成 一个新的 Promise 实例,<br><font color=#FF0000 >有当所有的 promise 实例的状态都为 resolve 状态,才会开始执行自己的 resolve 的回调函数,并将所有 Promise 实例返回的作为一个数组传递给 resolve 回调函数;</font><br><font color=#FF0000 >当其中有一个状态为 reject 时,自己的状态也会变成 reject,并立即执行 reject 的回调函数,并且将第一个 reject 状态的 Promise 实例的返回作为参数传递给 reject 回调函数;</font></p>
<p><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/v6lWzGL4emU1H3O.png" alt="Promise.all()"><br><strong>总结:all()是在所有的 Promise 实例的状态都改变为 resolve 状态才执行自己的 resolve 回调,或者当有一个实例为 reject 状态时,才开始执行自己的回调函数 reject</strong></p>
<h4 id="7-Promise-race"><a href="#7-Promise-race" class="headerlink" title="7. Promise.race()"></a>7. Promise.race()</h4><p>race()是将多个 Promise 实例包装成 一个新的 Promise 实例,<br><font color=#FF0000 >有当所有的 promise 实例有一个改变了状态,则开始执行自己的回调函数,并将第一个改变状态的 promise 实例返回的作为参数传递给自己的回调函数</font></p>
<p><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/E1KFG5bIurkCNPA.png" alt="Promise.race()"></p>
<p><strong>总结:race()则是竞赛的意思,只管第一个改变状态的 Promise 实例,并将它的返回数据作为参数传递给自己的回调函数;</strong></p>
<h4 id="8-Promise-allSettled"><a href="#8-Promise-allSettled" class="headerlink" title="8. Promise.allSettled()"></a>8. Promise.allSettled()</h4><p>allSettled()是将多个 Promise 实例包装成 一个新的 Promise 实例,<br><font color=#FF0000 >有当所有的 promise 实例都执行完毕,不论是 resolve 状态还是 reject 状态,新的 Promise 实例才会改变状态,执行 resolve 回调函数</font></p>
<p><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/Fc2ispLxoY6ACjO.png" alt="promise.allSettled()"></p>
<p><strong>总结:allSettled()是当所有的 promise 实例执行完毕,无论是 resolve 状态还是 reject 状态,当所有的 promise 实例执行完毕,才开始执行自己的 resolve 回调函数</strong></p>
<h4 id="9-Promise-any"><a href="#9-Promise-any" class="headerlink" title="9. Promise.any()"></a>9. Promise.any()</h4><p>any()是将多个 Promise 实例包装成 一个新的 Promise 实例,<br><font color=#FF0000 >有当所有的 promise 实例都执行完毕,只有当有一个 Promise 实例为 resolve 状态时,新的 Promise 实例就执行 resolve 回调函数,当所有的 Promise 实例都为 reject 状态时,新的 Promise 实例才为 reject 状态</font></p>
<p><img src="https://i.loli.net/2021/03/09/ofJRSVgCrWZteMQ.png" alt="promise.any()"></p>
<p><strong>总结:any()是有当所有的 promise 实例都执行完毕,只有当有一个 Promise 实例为 resolve 状态时,新的 Promise 实例就执行 resolve 回调函数,当所有的 Promise 实例都为 reject 状态时,新的 Promise 实例才为 reject 状态</strong></p>
<p>edit:2021-03-15 10:00:00</p>
<h4 id="Promise-缺点记录"><a href="#Promise-缺点记录" class="headerlink" title="Promise 缺点记录"></a>Promise 缺点记录</h4><ol>
<li>promise 一旦建立就会立即执行,中途无法取消;</li>
<li>当处于 pending 状态时，无法得知当前处于哪一个状态，是刚刚开始还是刚刚结束;</li>
<li>如果不设置回调函数,promise 内部的错误无法反应到外部;</li>
<li>promise 封装 ajax 时,由于 promise 是异步任务,发送的请求会被延后到所有同步代码执行完毕,并将响应的回调函数延迟到现有队列的最后,如果大量使用《大大降低请求效率;</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="Promise-优点记录"><a href="#Promise-优点记录" class="headerlink" title="Promise 优点记录"></a>Promise 优点记录</h4><ol>
<li><p>可以解决地狱无限回调;</p>
</li>
<li><p>使得异步代码更加清晰简洁,一目了然;</p>
<p>2021.8.30 补充</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="手写-Promise"><a href="#手写-Promise" class="headerlink" title="手写 Promise"></a>手写 Promise</h4><h4 id="常规-Promise-的用法"><a href="#常规-Promise-的用法" class="headerlink" title="常规 Promise 的用法"></a>常规 Promise 的用法</h4><pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">var p = new Promise(function(resolve, reject)&#123;
    console.log('执行')
    setTimeout(function()&#123;
        resolve(2)
    &#125;, 1000)
&#125;)
p.then(function(res)&#123;
    console.log('suc',res)
&#125;,function(err)&#123;
    console.log('err',err)
&#125;)</code></pre>
<h4 id="PromiseA-规范"><a href="#PromiseA-规范" class="headerlink" title="PromiseA+规范"></a>PromiseA+规范</h4><p>promise 是一个拥有 then 方法的对象或函数，其行为符合本规范；<br>一个 Promise 的当前状态必须为以下三种状态中的一种：等待态（Pending）、执行态（Fulfilled）和拒绝态（Rejected）</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">// 手写Promise
const pending = "pedding";
const fulfilled = "fulfilled";
const rejected = "rejected";
function Promise() &#123;
  let _this = this;
  this.value = null; // resolve回调函数的赋值
  this.reason = null;// reject回调函数的赋值
  // 回调函数
  function resolve() &#123;&#125;
  function reject() &#123;&#125;
&#125;

Promise().prototype.then = function (
  onfulfilled,
  onRejected
) &#123;&#125;;

module.exports = Promise;</code></pre>
<p>当我们实例化一个 Promise 时,构造函数会立马调用传入的执行函数 executor;</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">let p = new Promise((resolve,rejact)  => &#123;
  console.log('执行了');
&#125;)</code></pre>
<p>因此在 Promise 中构造函数立马执行,同时将 resolve 函数和 reject 函数作为参数传入</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">function Promise(executor) &#123;
  let that = this;
  that.status = "pending";
  that.value = null;
  that.resson = null;
  function resolve() &#123;&#125;
  function reject() &#123;&#125;
  // 立即执行
  executor(resolve, reject);
&#125;</code></pre>
<p>但是 executor 函数会存在异常,所以用 try/catch 包裹一下;处理异常</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">try &#123;
  executor(resolve,reject);
&#125;catch(error) &#123;
  reject(error);
&#125;</code></pre>
<h4 id="Promise-状态是不可变的"><a href="#Promise-状态是不可变的" class="headerlink" title="Promise 状态是不可变的"></a>Promise 状态是不可变的</h4><p>promise/A+规范中,当 Promise 对象已经由等待状态(Pending)改变为执行状态(fulfilled)或者拒绝状态(rejected)后,就不能再次更改状态;且终值不可改变;<br>因此只有在回调函数 resolve 函数或者 reject 函数中,pending 状态才能更改;</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">function resolve(value) &#123;
  let that = this;
  if (that.value === "pending") &#123;
    that.status = "fulfilled";
    that.value = value;
  &#125;
&#125;

function reject(reason) &#123;
  let that = this;
  if (that.status === "pending") &#123;
    that.status = "rejected";
    that.value = reason;
  &#125;;
&#125;</code></pre>
<h4 id="then-的实现"><a href="#then-的实现" class="headerlink" title="then 的实现"></a>then 的实现</h4><p>当 Promise 的状态改变后,不管成功还是失败都会触发 then 回调函数;因此 then 的实现也很简单,根据状态不同来回调不同的函数;</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">Promise.prototype.then = function (onFulfilled, onRejected) &#123;
  if (this.state === "fulfilled") &#123;
    onFulfilled(this.value);
  &#125;
  if (this.state === "rejected") &#123;
    onFulfilled(this.reason);
  &#125;
&#125;;</code></pre>
<h4 id="完整的手写-promise"><a href="#完整的手写-promise" class="headerlink" title="完整的手写 promise"></a>完整的手写 promise</h4><pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">const PENDING = 'pending'
const FULFILLED = 'fulfilled'
const REJECTED = 'rejected'
function Promise(executor) &#123;
    var _this = this
    this.state = PENDING; //状态
    this.value = undefined; //成功结果
    this.reason = undefined; //失败原因

    this.onFulfilled = [];//成功的回调
    this.onRejected = []; //失败的回调
    function resolve(value) &#123;
        if(_this.state === PENDING)&#123;
            _this.state = FULFILLED
            _this.value = value
            _this.onFulfilled.forEach(fn => fn(value))
        &#125;
    &#125;
    function reject(reason) &#123;
        if(_this.state === PENDING)&#123;
            _this.state = REJECTED
            _this.reason = reason
            _this.onRejected.forEach(fn => fn(reason))
        &#125;
    &#125;
    try &#123;
        executor(resolve, reject);
    &#125; catch (e) &#123;
        reject(e);
    &#125;
&#125;
Promise.prototype.then = function (onFulfilled, onRejected) &#123;
    if(this.state === FULFILLED)&#123;
        typeof onFulfilled === 'function' && onFulfilled(this.value)
    &#125;
    if(this.state === REJECTED)&#123;
        typeof onRejected === 'function' && onRejected(this.reason)
    &#125;
    if(this.state === PENDING)&#123;
        typeof onFulfilled === 'function' && this.onFulfilled.push(onFulfilled)
        typeof onRejected === 'function' && this.onRejected.push(onRejected)
    &#125;
&#125;;</code></pre>
<p>为什么 onFulfilled 和 onRejected 是一个数组而不是一个变量？</p>
<pre class=" language-javaScript"><code class="language-javaScript">var p = new Promise((resolve, reject)=>&#123;
    setTimeout(()=>&#123;
        resolve(4)
    &#125;, 0)
&#125;)
p.then((res)=>&#123;
    //4 res
    console.log(res, 'res')
&#125;)
p.then((res1)=>&#123;
    //4 res1
    console.log(res1, 'res1')
&#125;)</code></pre>
<p>当一个 promise 实例调用了 2 次 then 方法,如果 onFulfilled 和 onRejected 是一个变量的话,那么 then 方法只会执行最后一次的打印日志;之前的就会被覆盖了;<br>如果是数组的话,两次都会执行;</p>
<p>本文参考文章:<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/144058361">链接</a></p>

                
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